Guides
Worked examples and method notes behind the calculators. Every number is computed with the same engine as the calculator it supports.
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Tolerance stack-up example: worst case vs RSS
A six-part shaft assembly solved by worst case, RSS and Bender 1.5, with Cpk assumptions and common mistakes.
Calculator: Tolerance stack-up calculator
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Nut factor K explained
What K contains, K from thread and head friction (VDI 2230), typical values by source, preload scatter.
Calculator: Bolt torque calculator